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Palestinian stone-throwing refers to a Palestinian practice of throwing stones at people or property. It is a tactic with both a symbolic and military dimension when used against heavily armed troops. While stone throwing is a form a violence,〔Edward Kaufman, Manuel Hassassian, ‘Understanding Our Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and Searching for Its Resolution,' in Judy Carter, George Irani, Vamik D Volkan (eds.) (''Regional and Ethnic Conflicts: Perspectives from the Front Lines,'' ) Routledge, 2015 pp.87-128 p.109.〕 the majority of Palestinian youths engaged in the practice appear to regard it as symbolic and non-violent, given the disparity in power and equipment between the Israeli forces and the Palestinian stone-throwers,〔Maia Carter Hallward, (''Transnational Activism and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,'' ) Palgrave Macmillan 2013 p.50〕 with many considering it a method of deterring Israeli military forces and civilians from the occupation of Palestinian lands. In Israel it is considered criminal because it is potentially lethal,〔Ruth Linn, (''Conscience at War: The Israeli Soldier as a Moral Critic'' ), SUNY Press, 2012 pp.62-62: 'an undeclared war that often led by women and children who used “cold,” though very often lethal, ammunition.'〕 and it is argued that in some cases it should be treated as a form of terrorism, or that, in terms of the psychology of those who hurl stones, it is intrinsically aggressive.〔Chibli Mallat, (''Philosophy of Nonviolence: Revolution, Constitutionalism, and Justice Beyond the Middle East'' ), Oxford University Press, 2015 pp.52-53.〕〔Maia Carter Hallward,(''Transnational Activism and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict'' ), Palgrave Macmillan, 2013 p.50.〕 It has also been described variously as a form of traditional〔Mary Elizabeth King, (''A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance'' ), Nation Books, 2009 pp.257-264:'Residents of the West Bank and Gaza say that the use of stones is traditional . . Most Palestinians interviewed here see the practice as hard evidence they were not using weapons.'(p.259).〕 popular protest〔Yitzhak Reiter, (''Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution: National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Verses Jews In Israel,'' ), Syracuse University Press, 2009 pp.60, 141.〕 guerrilla tactic or action,〔Gilbert Achcar, (''Eastern Cauldron: Islam, Afghanistan and Palestine in the Mirror of Marxism'' ), Pluto Press, 2004 p.124:'The First Intifada is a guerrilla war in which the fighters have no weapons but stones.'〕〔Anne Marie Oliver and Paul F. Steinberg p.57.〕 as a form of hate crime or terrorism, or mode of civil disobedience〔Belén Fernández, (''The Imperial Messenger: Thomas Friedman at Work'' ), Verso Books, 2011 p.112 for 'non-lethal civil disobedience' :'What the Palestinians under occupation were saying by using primarily stones instead of firearms was that the most powerful weapon against the Israelis was not terrorism or guerrilla warfare . . The most powerful weapon, they proclaimed, was massive non-lethal civil disobedience. That is what the stones symbolized”.〕〔Brian K. Barber, Joseph A. Olsen, 'Adolescents' Willingness to Engage in Political Conflict: Lessons from the Gaza Strip,' in J. Victoroff (ed.) (''Tangled Roots: Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorism'' ), IOS Press 2006 pp.203-225 p.206. 'Youthful activism during the first intifada was restricted mostly to relatively low-level, non-dramatic forms of violent activism (e.g. demonstrating, throwing stones, erecting barricades, etc: the first Palestinian suicide bombing did not occur until 1993 as the first intifada was ending'.〕 which came to prominence during the First Intifada.〔Gilles Kepel, (''Terror and Martyrdom: The Future of the Middle East'' ), Harvard University Press 2009 pp.85-86.:'the first intifada, a Palestinian uprising that began in December 1987. This protest entailed strikes, boycotts, barricades, and acts of civil disobedience, but what caught the attention of news media around the world was stone-throwing by Palestinian youths against the tanks and soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces. These guerrilla tactics . . .〕〔Ira M. Lapidus, (''A History of Islamic Societies'' ), Cambridge University Press, 2014 pp.603-4:' demonstrations, riots, and stone throwing in protest against Israeli occupation, the construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, taxation, and administrative harassment.'.〕 At least 14 Israelis have been killed by Palestinian stone throwing, including 3 Arabs mistaken for Jews.〔 It has occasionally been imitated by activists among the Arab citizens of Israel.〔 Stone throwing is not considered a deadly force in most countries: in the West firearms are generally not used in crowd or riot dispersals and proportionality of force is the norm, except where immediate danger to life exists.〔Pete van Reenben in ‘Children as Victims in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Policing Realities and Police Training,' Charles W. Greenbaum,Philip E. Veerman,Naomi Bacon-Shnoor (eds.), (''Protection of Children During Armed Political Conflict: A Multidisciplinary Perspective,'' ) Intersentia Antwerp/Oxford 2006 pp371-393 p.384:’Stone throwing is not considered a deadly force in most countries, and the reaction of the police is protection by shields and protective clothing, out-manoeuvering the stone-throwers, water cannons and occasional tear-gas. In Western countries, fire-arms are not used, apart from cases of immediate danger to life.to life. The open fire regulation used by Israeli forces, as far as is clear what it contains, seems to allow for a much faster use of fire arms and for heavier arms than is usual in demonstrations elsewhere. The requirement of proportionality of force, . . does not appear to apply here.'.〕 Stone-throwers also employ catapults, slings and slingshots〔Robert Fisk, (''The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East'' ), Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2007 p.578.〕 armed with readily available materials at hand: stones, bricks, bottles, pebbles or ball bearings, and sometimes rats〔〔Beverley Milton-Edwards,(''The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A People's War'' ), Routledge 2008 p.144.〕〔 or cement blocks. Slingshots are often loaded with large ball bearings instead of stones.〔Oded Haklai, (''Palestinian Ethnonationalism in Israel'' ), University of Pennsylvania Press 2011 p.122.〕 Since the 1987 uprising, the technique is favoured as one which, to foreign eyes, will invert the association of modern Israel with David, and her enemies with Goliath, by casting the Palestinians as David to Israel's Goliath,〔Benny Morris (''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1998'' ), Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011 p.580〕 Despite there having been frequent acts of protest all over the Palestinian territories, the number of shooting incidents has been less than 3%.〔Wendy Pearlman, (Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement ), Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 105-106〕 Nonetheless, the international press and media focused on the aspect of Palestinian stone-throwing, which garnered more headline attention than other violent conflicts in the world,〔David Newman, 'Citizenship, identity and location:the changing discourse of Israeli geopolitics,' in David Atkinson,Klaus Dodds (eds.). (''Geopolitical Traditions: Critical Histories of a Century of Geopolitical Thought'' ), Routledge, 2002 pp.302-331 p.326.〕〔Erica Chenoweth,Maria J. Stephan, (''Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict'' ), Columbia University Press, 2013 p.119〕 so that it became iconic for characterizing the uprising.〔 According to Edward Said, a total cultural and social form of anti-colonial resistance by the Palestinian people is commodified for outside consumption simply as delinquent stone throwing or mindless terroristic bombings.〔Peter Childs,Patrick Williams, (''Introduction To Post-Colonial Theory'' ), Routledge, 2014 p.109.〕 The Israeli penal code treats Palestinian stone throwing as a felony, with a maximum penalty if convicted of 2 years imprisonment. A law has been proposed to extend this to a maximum of 10 years for stoning cars, even without proof of intent to endanger passengers, and 20 years for throwing stones at people, without proof of intent to cause bodily harm.〔Kate Shuttleworth, ('Palestinian stone throwers could face 20 years in jail' ), The Guardian 4 November 2014. 'There would be two major sentences for stone throwers – those who endanger the safety of someone inside a vehicle could be jailed for 10 years without proof there was intention to harm; those throwing stones at people could be sentenced for up to 20 years in prison without the need to prove they intended to cause serious bodily harm.'〕 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Palestinian stone-throwing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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